Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108AGING IN THE 21S T CENTURY 80 the participant’s own education, occupation, labor force status, household income, and household wealth to define SES in adulthood. Childhood SES itself is associated with onset of heart disease and diabetes between 1992 and 2006, and not just through its impact on adult SES. A similar study explores the association among childhood finan- cial hardship, lifetime earnings, and presence of one or more chronic health conditions (cancer, heart disease, lung disease, stroke, diabetes and hypertension) from the 2004 HRS (Tucker-Seeley et al. 2011). Childhood financial hardship, as indicated by needing to move in childhood due to financial difficulties, is associated with having one or more chronic health conditions. Lifetime earnings may offset some of the negative impact of childhood financial hardship. Among older adults with a history of childhood financial hardship, those with higher lifetime earnings have a lower chance of having chronic conditions in adulthood than those with lower earnings. Health in childhood may affect adult health. However, adults who experience diseases like cancer or heart disease may be more likely to recall childhood illnesses than their healthy counterparts. However, Smith (2009) finds that older respondents’ recollection of specific childhood health problems is quite reliable. Blackwell et al. (2001) use information from a module in the 1996 wave of HRS on childhood health to study the impact of health in childhood on health in later life. Accounting for SES both in childhood and adulthood, poor childhood health is associated with a higher risk of cancer, lung disease, cardiovascular conditions, and arthritis/ rheumatism. Disadvantage in childhood may also affect adult physical functioning. Some participants report that their father was disabled and unable to work, or that their father died or was absent when they were growing up. These measures of childhood socioeconomic position are related to an increased risk of disability in later life (Bowen and González 2010). Adult SES and health behaviors are highly important predictors of ADL and IADL limitations, however, and explain much of the association between childhood SES and later-life disabilities. Differences in childhood SES may also help account for persistent racial disparities in disabil- ity at older ages. Despite evidence that disabilities may be declining in the population overall, as Figure 4-5 shows, Blacks remain at higher risk for physical limitations than Whites at similar ages. FIGURE 4-5  Percent with one or more ADL or IADL by race and age: 2014 Source: HRS 2014. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Age < 64 Age 64+ White Black Hispanic