Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108PREFACE  Preface 4 List of Figures and Tables 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Objectives and Design of the HRS 10 How Can the HRS Data Be Used? 12 Unique Features of the HRS 13 Study Innovations 14 Protecting HRS Participant Confidentiality 15 Linkages to Other Datasets 16 Background and Development of the HRS 16 The HRS: A Model for Other Countries 18 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: HEALTH Chapter Highlights 20 Health Status and Specific Conditions 21 Health Behaviors and Outcomes 23 A Community-Dwelling Sample 24 Cognitive Function 25 Depressive Symptoms and Depression 26 The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study 26 Health Care Coverage 28 Health Care Use 29 Use of Alternative Medicines and Supplements 31 Aging and Medical Expenditures 31 Effects of Unexpected Health Events 32 Disability and Physical Functioning 33 Health and Work 35 How Long Do People Think They’ll Live? 36 Health Status of U.S. versus English Older Adults 38 CHAPTER 2: WORK & RETIREMENT Chapter Highlights 40 Labor Force Participation 41 The Changing Nature of Work 43 Occupations After Age 70 45 Hours and Pay 45 Job Flexibility 46 Reasons People Retire 47 Health versus Financial Factors 48 The Role of Medicare and Private Health Insurance 48 Diseases and Retirement 48 Trends in Retirement Timing 49 Early Retirement Incentives 50 Gradual Retirement 51 Pension Plan Trends and Retirement 51 Knowledge About Pension Plans 52 The Impact of Stock Market Changes on Retirement 52 Retirement and Consumption 53 Enjoyment of Retirement 53 Helping Others 54