b'CHAPTER 4 | CROSS-NATIONAL HEALTH DISPARITIES AND US DISADVANTAGEFIGURE 4-2Control beliefs in the US and England, age 65 and over: 2006Source: Clarke and Smith (2011). How much respondents agree or disagree with several statements* indicating a feeling of helplessness40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%Strongly Somewhat Slightly Slightly Somewhat Stronglydisagree disagree disagree agree agree agreeHigher educational levels in the US mightHRS ELSAhelp; education is associated with having a sense * I often feel helpless in dealing with the problems of life; Other people determine most of whatof control over the things that happen in life.I can and cannot do; What happens in my life is often beyond my control; I have little controlMitchell et al. (2016) show that those with lessover the things that happen to me; There is really no way I can solve the problems I have.than a high school education are more likely than those with a high school education or higher to experience decreased sense of mastery, andgreater perceived constraints and hopelessness over a four-year period.How and where people living with physical limitations receive the help they need as they age is likely to vary across countries with different cultures and welfare systems. The percent of people over age 50 with functional limitations receiving care is slightly lower in Spain15.3% compared to about 17% in the US and England but more care comes from outside the household in the US and England than in Spain (Sole-Auro et al. 2015).71'