b'AGING IN THE 21ST CENTURYWhile women are morewomen, the arrival of a newfactors, showing that women with lower ed-likely to stop working thangrandchild is associated withucation and Black adults in poor health are men, there is no racialmore than an 8% increaseespecially unlikely to work longer (Williamson difference in who worksin the chances of retiring. and McNamara 2001). Unemployment near longer. Greater wealthSpouses have a bigretirement compounds the challenge. Black, is generally associatedimpact on each othersHispanic, and female older workers are most with leaving the workretirement decisions.likely to experience job loss in the years prior to force, but those withMen aged 70 and olderretirement, and this period of unemployment more education are likelyin 1993 with workingoften results in departure from the labor force to work longer. The majorspouses were nearly threealtogether (Flippen and Tienda 2000). factor associated with stop- times more likely to be ping work is self-reported poorworking themselves as menRetirement is a process,health. Even a small decline inwhose spouse was not working health status decreases the likelihood of(Ozawa and Lum 2005). Other researchoften occurring in a series ofworking longer. Despite these differences, thosesheds some light on this finding. Gustman andsteps over several years.who leave work versus continuing to work at olderSteinmeier (2004) use information on how much ages are alike in many other ways (Aaron andspouses enjoy spending time with each other Callan 2011).to help explain the apparent interdependencePaths to RetirementA similar study compares the later life workof married peoples retirement decisions. ForTraditionally, workers transitioned from full-decisions of men and women using longitudinalwives, all of the interdependence intime work to full and permanent re-HRS data from 1992 through 2004. Both men andspousal retirement rates is ex- tirement. Increasingly, retirement women are more likely to remain at work longer ifplained by whether or not sheis a process, often occurring in they are younger and healthier, guardians to de- reports that she would enjoya series of steps over several pendent children, more educated, self-employed,spending time with heryears. Studies using longi-and earning a higher hourly wage. Men withhusband in retirement.tudinal and cohort data spouses who are in good health are less likely toAbout half of the inter- from HRS demonstrate be working, but men with spouses in poor healthdependence for husbandsmultiple paths to retire-are more likely to remain in the workforce at olderis accounted for by thisment, revealing changes ages (Cahill et al. 2008). Analysesover time and between including Early Baby BoomersFor women, the arrival of a new grandchild cohorts in how and when also show that child and parentalis associated with more than an people choose to leave the caregiving are not major factors inworkforce. Some studies the retirement decisions of either8% increase in the chances of retiring.demonstrate a path leading from men or women (Cahill et al. 2013).full-time to part-time work to full Another study focuses specifically on the questionpreference.retirement. Others go from a full-time career of womens retirement decisions and caring forOther HRS research suggests that it isjob to another shorter duration job to full retire-grandchildren. Lyu and Burr (2016) find that forimportant to consider the interaction of variousment. These intermediate jobs are often referred 22'