Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Page 83 Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 10871 CHAPTER 4 | CROSS-NATIONAL HEALTH DISPARITIES AND US DISADVANTAGE Higher educational levels in the US might help; education is associated with having a sense of control over the things that happen in life. Mitchell et al. (2016) show that those with less than a high school education are more likely than those with a high school education or higher to experience decreased sense of mastery, and greater perceived constraints and hopelessness over a four-year period. How and where people living with physical limitations receive the help they need as they age is likely to vary across countries with different cultures and welfare systems. The percent of people over age 50 with functional limitations receiving care is slightly lower in Spain — 15.3% compared to about 17% in the US and England — but more care comes from outside the household in the US and England than in Spain (Sole-Auro et al. 2015). 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Strongly disagree Somewhat disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Somewhat agree Strongly agree HRS ELSA FIGURE 4-2  Control beliefs in the US and England, age 65 and over: 2006 Source: Clarke and Smith (2011). How much respondents agree or disagree with several statements* indicating a feeling of helplessness *  I often feel helpless in dealing with the problems of life; Other people determine most of what I can and cannot do; What happens in my life is often beyond my control; I have little control over the things that happen to me; There is really no way I can solve the problems I have.